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SourcesThe studies behind what we say about acne body

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6 claims · 6 studies.

C35-5
Acne = loss of C. acnes phylotype balance + dysbiosis, not hyperproliferation; antibiotics induce dysbiosis.
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The Skin Microbiome: A New Actor in Inflammatory Acne.
Dréno B, Dagnelie MA, Khammari A, Corvec S · 2020 · American journal of clinical dermatology 21:18-24
C35-8
BP vehicle irritancy (surfactants/preservatives/alcohols); low-% formula without them well-tolerated.
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A New, Once-daily, Optimized, Fixed Combination of Clindamycin Phosphate 1.2% and Low-concentration Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5% Gel for the Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Acne.
Gold MH · 2009 · The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology 2:44-8
C35-9
Azelaic acid — 4 mechanisms (antimicrobial, tyrosinase inhibition, free-radical scavenging, reduced neutrophil ROS).
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The multiple uses of azelaic acid in dermatology: mechanism of action, preparations, and potential therapeutic applications.
Sauer N, Oślizło M, Brzostek M, Wolska J, Lubaszka K, Karłowicz-Bodalska K · 2023 · Postepy dermatologii i alergologii 40:716-724
C35-10
Azelaic acid also keratolytic.
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Azelaic acid gel 15%: clinical versatility in the treatment of rosacea.
Del Rosso JQ, Baum EW, Draelos ZD, Elewski BE, Fleischer AB, Kakita LS, Thiboutot D · 2006 · Cutis 78:6-19
C35-11
Azelaic acid probably less effective than benzoyl peroxide on PGA (Cochrane RR 0.82).
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Topical azelaic acid, salicylic acid, nicotinamide, sulphur, zinc and fruit acid (alpha-hydroxy acid) for acne.
Liu H, Yu H, Xia J, Liu L, Liu GJ, Sang H, Peinemann F · 2020 · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 5:CD011368
C35-15
Hidradenitis suppurativa >3x more prevalent in Black vs White; more severe, longer diagnostic delay.
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Exploring the Experience of Black Americans Living with Hidradenitis Suppurativa in the United States Healthcare System: A Narrative Review.
Negbenebor NA, Riley JM · 2025 · Dermatology and therapy 15:2715-2727